Fatores associados à continuidade do aleitamento materno por 12 meses ou mais em mulheres trabalhadoras de um hospital geral / Factors associated with breastfeeding continuation for 12 months or more among working mothers in a general hospital

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo é identificar fatores associados à continuidade da amamentação por 12 meses ou mais em mulheres trabalhadoras. Estudo transversal realizado por meio de entrevista com 251 trabalhadoras de um hospital, com filhos biológicos entre 12 e 36 meses de idade, não gemelares e sem doença que afetasse a amamentação, e amamentando quando do seu retorno ao trabalho. Para a associação entre a continuidade da amamentação e as variáveis de exposição utilizou-se a regressão multivariável de Poisson. Apenas uma variável relacionada ao local de trabalho da mulher mostrou associação significativa com o desfecho. Trabalhar durante o dia aumentou em 37% a prevalência da amamentação por 12 meses ou mais. Os fatores não relacionados ao trabalho da mulher que mostraram associação positiva com o desfecho: mãe sem curso superior, experiência de amamentação superior a 12 meses; criança não receber outro leite quando a mãe retornou ao trabalho e não ter usado chupeta. Por outro lado, maior idade da mãe, maior idade gestacional, apoio do cuidador da criança e apoio profissional na amamentação associaram-se negativamente ao desfecho. Fatores não relacionados diretamente ao trabalho materno tiveram maior participação na continuidade da amamentação por 12 meses ou mais.

Abstract This article aims to identify factors associated with breastfeeding continuation for at least 12 months among working mothers in a hospital in the south of Brazil. We conducted a cross-sectional study, interviewing 251 women who breastfed after returning to work. Eligibility criteria included non-twin biological children aged between 12 and 36 months and the absence of an illness (mother and/or child) that could affect breastfeeding. The association between breastfeeding continuation and the exposure variables was tested using Poisson multivariate regression. Only one work-related variable showed a significant association with the outcome. Working only during the day increased the prevalence of BF continuation for at least 12 months by 37%. The following non-work-related factors showed a positive association with the outcome: mothers without a college degree; mothers with at least 12 months' prior breastfeeding experience; child not given milks other than breast milk when the mother returned to work, and not using a pacifier. The following variables showed a negative association with the outcome: older maternal age; older gestational age; mother receiving support from the child's caregiver; and mother receiving professional breastfeeding support. Non-work-related factors had a greater influence on breastfeeding continuation for at least 12 months among working mothers.

Assessment of breastfeeding knowledge and practices among working mothers in the federal capital territory Nigeria

Background: Inadequate infant feeding practices is a major contributor to the high burden of childhood morbidity and mortality in many countries. Female participation in the labour sector has increased and many of them return to work soon after giving birth posing a significant barrier to breastfeeding. This study assessed the knowledge and practice of breastfeeding among working mothers in the Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria.Methods: This cross-sectional study was done among 360 working mothers selected by multistage sampling technique. Quantitative and qualitative data were collective using interviewer-administered questionnaire and key informant interview guide, respectively. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Scientific Solutions (SPSS) version 21.0 and significant level was set at p<0.05.Results: Two hundred and seventy-six (76.7%) of the respondents had good knowledge of breast feeding. More than three-quarters (77.2%) initiated breastfeeding within one hour of birth, 201 (55.8%) practiced exclusive breastfeeding correctly and 201 (55.8%) introduced complementary foods on time. Median duration of breastfeeding was 14.6 months. Less than half of them (41.7%) had good overall practice of breastfeeding. Level of education, sector of work, knowledge of breastfeeding and availability of on-site crèche were significantly associated with practice of breastfeeding. Common barriers to breastfeeding included poor spousal support, no paid maternity leave and non-availability of nearby crèches. Most of the organizations observed had a breast feeding policy.Conclusions: This study revealed a gap between the knowledge and practice of adequate breastfeeding among the respondents and identified some perceived barriers to optimal breastfeeding.

Children's Food Intake and Nutrition Levels, and Obesity by Maternal Employment: Based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013–2015 / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: This study examines the intake of food and nutrients of children according to the employment and working hours of their mothers. METHODS: The married women in the source data from the 6th National Health and Nutrition Survey were classified into full-time working mothers, part-time working mothers and housewives according to the working type and the data on their children from 3 to 18 years old were analyzed using SAS 9.4. RESULTS: The group from 3 to 5 years old was the smallest group with 682 children (20.2%), followed by the group from 6 to 11 years with 1,345 children (39.8%) and the group from 12 to 18 years old with 1,355 children (40.1%). The lowest rates for having no breakfast and dinner were observed in the group with housewives (p<0.05). The calcium and phosphorous intakes were the highest in the group with housewives at 61.9% and 126.8%, respectively, and the lowest in the group with full-time working mothers at 54.7% and 115.3%, respectively (p<0.05). The group with full-time working mothers had the highest rate in the calcium and iron intake less than the dietary reference intake at 74.9% and 30.0%, respectively. It indicated that the group with full-time working mothers did not have sufficient nutrients as compared to the other two groups. Moreover, the group with the part-time working mothers showed the high vitamin A intake ratio of 41.4% (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study found evidence of a negative association between mother's employment status and children's diet quality. The employment and economic activity of married women will continuously increase in the future. Therefore, a national nutrition policy is required to provide quality nutrition care for children in the households.

Impact of mother-baby friendly hospital initiative in a tertiary hospital on success of breastfeeding: A prospective cohort study / Philippine Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology

Objective@#To determine the impact of Mother-Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative (MBFHI) implementation on the success of breastfeeding practices among patients who gave birth in a tertiary hospital.@*Methodology@#Seventy-one postpartum patients who have no contraindications to breastfeeding were recruited from September-November 2017. Outcome variables regarding on the success of breastfeeding initiation on the first hour postpartum and hospital stay were measured. Participants were followed-up by phone call at 3 and 6-months postpartum to determine their practice on exclusive breastfeeding.@*Results@#The exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) rates at first hour postpartum, during hospital stay, 3 and 6 months were 91.5%, 81.7%, 65.9%, and 45.5%, respectively. The participants who had cesarean delivery and vaginal delivery were 19 (26.8%) and 52 (73.2%) respectively. There was no significant association between the route of delivery and successful breastfeeding at first hour (p = 0.179). At first hour postpartum, majority of the infants who did not initiate breastfeeding was due to respiratory distress. At 6 months, only 39% (26 out of 66) did proper breastfeeding. There were 26 out of 66 (39%) subjects who have work at 6 months, and among these, 12 subjects were not able to collect and store milk due to unavailability of lactation clinic at their workplace. Overall, approximately half of the subjects who initiated EBF were not able to continue EBF until 6 months due to inadequate milk production and resumption of work.@*Conclusion@#Half of mothers exclusively breastfed up to 6 months, regardless of age, parity and route of delivery. The main determinants of EBF cessation at 6-month postpartum include inadequate milk production, resumption of work and inability to collect milk. To promote successful EBF among mothers in the Philippines, interventions should focus on strengthening the breastfeeding policy implementation in the workplace and communities to promote, protect and maintain breastfeeding.

Dietary diversity beliefs and practices among working mothers in Jakarta: a qualitative study

@#Introduction: Dietary diversity is a global challenge in complementary feeding. Despite more women joining the workforce in developing countries, there are limited studies on the beliefs of working mothers and their experiences in relation to the provision of dietary diversity as recommended by the World Health Organization. Methods: This qualitative study explored the behavioural, normative and control beliefs of working mothers on dietary diversity practices, based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB). A total of 25 mothers of different occupational levels were recruited from workplaces in Jakarta. Results: Working mothers at the lower occupational levels showed a lack of understanding of the importance of dietary diversity and reported poor practices. These included the late introduction of animal protein as a food source, and few types of feeding instant foods. Due to their limited knowledge of nutrition, these working mothers tended to accept poor dietary diversity practices as normal. Conclusion: Working mothers at the lower occupational levels practised poor dietary diversity owing to work-related factors. Efforts should be undertaken to provide correct nutritional information related to complementary feeding at workplaces, especially to working mothers in the unskilled occupations.

Impacto del lactario domiciliario en madres trabajadoras: Hospital Central de San Cristóbal. 2015 / Impact of the home lactary in working mothers: Central Hospital of San Cristóbal. 2015

Introducción: La lactancia materna exclusiva es ideal para el recién nacido por su aporte nutricional, inmunológico y emocional, todos ellos fundamentales para su adecuado crecimiento y desarrollo. Se ha observado que, el trabajo es el factor más influyente que condiciona el abandono. Se hace necesario evaluar el impacto del lactario domiciliario para reducir el abandono de la lactancia materna exclusiva en madres trabajadoras. Métodos: Estudio aplicativo de tipo experimental, prospectivo, transversal analítico realizado en el Servicio de Maternidad del Hospital Central de San Cristóbal. Se seleccionaron aquellas madres trabajadoras de la localidad dispuestas a lactar, aplicándose un programa de creación y funcionamiento del lactario domiciliario. Posteriormente se verificó la continuidad del programa en su domicilio durante dos meses y se compararon los resultados con las madres trabajadoras que no recibieron este entrenamiento. Resultados: Las madres trabajadoras que crearon el lactario domiciliario presentaron un porcentaje de abandono menor (28)% que aquellas que no lo tenían (60%) (p<0,001). Entre las madres que abandonaron la lactancia materna, el trabajo fue la principal causal en el grupo sin lactario (57%) y la hipogalactia en el grupo con lactario (22%). El trabajo como causal de abandono se redujo considerablemente al instaurarse el lactario domiciliario (p <0,001) Discusión: La creación de lactarios domiciliarios disminuye significativamente el abandono de la lactancia materna en madres trabajadoras. El fomento de este tipo de estrategias es una alternativa para fortalecer la lactancia materna exclusiva por mayor tiempo.

Introduction: Exclusive breastfeeding is ideal for the newborn baby because of its nutritional, immunological and emotional contribution, key elements for adequate growth and development. It is recognized that return to work is the most influential factor for the abandonment of breastfeeding. It is necessary to assess the impact of the home lactary in the reduction of the abandonment of exclusive breastfeeding. Methods: An applicative study of experimental, prospective, cross case and analytical type was conducted in the Maternity Service of the San Cristobal Central Hospital. Working mothers willing to breast-feed were selected and a program for the creation and development of a home lactary was implemented; continuity of the home program was verified during the two subsequent months. Results were compared with mothers who did not receive this training. Results: Working mothers who created the home lactary presented a lower percentage of breast feeding abandonment (28) % in comparison with those who did not (60%). (p<0, 001). Among mothers who gave up breastfeeding, returning to work was the main cause in the group with no lactary (57%) and milk insufficiency was the main cause in the group with a lactary (22%). Returning to work as cause for abandonment dropped significantly with the creation of a lactary (p< 0.001) Discussion: The creation of a home lactary decreases significantly the rate of abandonment of breastfeeding in working mothers. The promotion of this type of strategies is an alternative to strengthen the prolongation of exclusive breastfeeding.

Maternidade e trabalho: associação entre depressão pós-parto, apoio social e satisfação conjugal / Motherhood and work: association with postnatal depression, support available and marital satisfaction

Investigou-se entre mães trabalhadoras aspectos relacionados aos direitos, conjugalidade, apoio social, prevalência de depressão pós-parto e a sua relação com as variáveis pesquisadas. Participaram 30 primigestas com bebês entre dois e seis meses. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: Escala de Depressão Pós-Parto de Edimburgo e um protocolo de entrevista. Os dados apontaram, que durante a fase gestacional, as participantes desconheciam as políticas de proteção maternoinfantil, mas reconheciam a presença do apoio social, principalmente do companheiro e da genitora. Houve prevalência de sintomatologia depressiva entre 13,3% das mães. Confirmaram-se associações entre DPP e saúde emocional na gestação (p=0,008); sentir falta de ajuda (p=0,026) e pretensão de retorno ao trabalho (p=0,001). Verificou-se satisfação com o apoio social disponível e preservação da satisfação conjugal. Os resultados apontam para a importância de atendimento psicológico à mulher na gestação e puerpério, assim como esclarecê-las de seus direitos.(AU)

We investigated, among working mothers, aspects related to rights, relationship between couples, social support, prevalence of postpartum depression and its relationship with the variables studied. A total of 30 first-time-mothers with babies from two to six months took part. The instruments used were: Postpartum Depression Scale of Edinburgh and an interview protocol. Data showed that during the gestational phase, participants were unaware of maternal and child protection policies, but acknowledged the presence of social support, especially the fellow and mother. Depressive symptoms prevailed among 13.3% of mothers. Associations between DPP and emotional health during pregnancy (p = 0.008); lack of assistance (p = 0.026) and intention of returning to work (p = 0.001) were confirmed. Satisfaction with social support available and preservation of marital satisfaction were observed. The results show the importance of psychological care for women during pregnancy and postpartum, as well as information about their rights.(AU)

The exclusive breastfeeding experiences of working mothers in West Sumatera (Sumbar) Peduli ASI community.

Background: Exclusive Breast feeding is one of the world wide programs to prevent a baby from any kind of disease and improve their immunity. Various health promotion efforts are always made to keep this program succeed. However, the result of the surveys in Indonesia showed the achievement of the exclusive breastfeeding is remains low. The aim of this study is to explore the experience of a working mother who succeeded to give exclusive breastfeeding. Methods: This research used qualitative study with phenomenological approach. Four participants were chosen from “Sumbar Peduli ASI Community” by purposive sampling technic. Data was collected by in-depth interview. Data analyzed used Collaizi method. Results: Based on the data analysis, it was found three themes, that are “the sacrifice of a working mothers to give exclusive breastfeeding”, “provided a good support system” and “encountered problems” and seven sub-themes, that is “sacrifice time”, “physical sacrifice”, “family support”, “social support”, “health workers support”, “technical problems” and “non-technical problems”. Conclusions: To be successful in providing exclusive breastfeeding, mothers have to sacrifice time and physically, to get the support of family, social and health workers so that obstacles can be solved.

Working Mothers and their Multivoiced Self / Las Madres Trabajadoras y la Polifonía de su Self / As Mães Trabalhadoras e a Polifonia de Seu Self

Since the 1960's, work has been a goal for Brazilian middle class women. In contrast, mothers of lower-income groups have always needed to work. This qualitative study investigated the meaning of motherhood, child care and work among 28 working mothers of different social classes. In order to do so, interviews and focus groups were conducted. Results show that women attribute exclusively to mothers the child care function. In addition, being a working woman has different meanings for each of those two social classes. There are voices in the self that represent the positions of mother and worker. They act on the meaning systems and they can lead to contradictory attitudes in a similar context.

El trabajo femenino se convirtió en un objetivo para las mujeres brasileñas de clase media, especialmente a partir de 1960, pero las madres de clase baja siempre necesitaron trabajar. Por medio de entrevistas y grupos focales, el presente estudio cualitativo investigó el significado de la maternidad, de los cuidados infantiles y del trabajo, con 28 madres trabajadoras de diferentes clases sociales. En general, las mujeres atribuyeron la función de cuidar a los hijos únicamente a las madres. Adicionalmente, ser mujer trabajadora tuvo un significado diferente en cada clase social. Existen voces del "self" que representan las posiciones de madre y de trabajadora, que actúan en los sistemas de significación y pueden llevar a actitudes contradictorias para una misma situación.

O trabalho feminino se converteu em um objetivo para as mulheres brasileiras de classe média, especialmente a partir de 1960; no entanto, as mães de classe baixa sempre precisaram trabalhar. Por meio de entrevistas e grupos focais, o presente estudo qualitativo pesquisou o significado da maternidade, dos cuidados infantis e do trabalho, com 28 mães trabalhadoras de diferentes classes sociais. Em geral, as mulheres atribuíram a função de cuidar dos filhos unicamente às mães. Adicionalmente, ser mulher trabalhadora teve um significado diferente em cada classe social. Existem vozes do "self" que representam as posições de mãe e de trabalhadora que atuam nos sistemas de significação e podem levar a atitudes contraditórias para uma mesma situação.

Effects of work-related factors and work-family conflict on depression among Japanese working women living with young children

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>In a Japanese metropolis, we examined the effects of work-related factors and work-family conflict on depressive symptoms among working women living with young children.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Data was derived from women (n=501) who lived with at least one preschool child and worked for 20 hours or more per week. As work-related factors, we chose job pressure, skill underutilization, dissatisfaction with personal income, inflexible work schedule, job insecurity, and relationships in the workplace. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. The effects of work-related factors and work-family conflict on depressive symptoms were explored by hierarchical regression analysis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Work-related factors except job pressure were significantly correlated with depressive symptoms. Multiple regression analyses revealed that women who had more frequent work-family conflict and more work-related stressors such as bad relationships in the workplace, job insecurity, and underutilization of skills were likely to have more depressive symptoms.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Among women workers with young children, work-family conflict and various work-related factors such as perceived bad relationships at work, job insecurity, and underutilization of skills had a significant relationship with depressive symptoms. Much more research is needed to explore ways to support working mothers.</p>

Effects of Work-Related Factors and Work-Family Conflict on Depression among Japanese Working Women Living with Young Children

Objective: In a Japanese metropolis, we examined the effects of work-related factors and work-family conflict on depressive symptoms among working women living with young children. Methods: Data was derived from women (n=501) who lived with at least one preschool child and worked for 20 hours or more per week. As work-related factors, we chose job pressure, skill underutilization, dissatisfaction with personal income, inflexible work schedule, job insecurity, and relationships in the workplace. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. The effects of work-related factors and work-family conflict on depressive symptoms were explored by hierarchical regression analysis. Results: Work-related factors except job pressure were significantly correlated with depressive symptoms. Multiple regression analyses revealed that women who had more frequent work-family conflict and more work-related stressors such as bad relationships in the workplace, job insecurity, and underutilization of skills were likely to have more depressive symptoms. Conclusions: Among women workers with young children, work-family conflict and various work-related factors such as perceived bad relationships at work, job insecurity, and underutilization of skills had a significant relationship with depressive symptoms. Much more research is needed to explore ways to support working mothers.